Gravitational red shift

The Forces of Nature by Kelland Terry, Ph.D.

In the previous section, I explained how atoms in a strong gravitational field have a slower than normal vibration frequency because their string cycles are extended. As we might expect, this affects the photons emitted by these atoms.

All atoms have a different number of electrons orbiting about their nuclei as well as a different number of protons and neutrons, and the photons they emit when in an exited state are characteristic for that particular atom. This provides a method of identifying different elements by their spectral lines, their “cosmic bar code”.

Photons emitted by atoms in a strong gravitational field have lower frequencies than expected; their bar codes have been shifted. This is referred to as a red shift because red is found at the lower end of the light spectrum. It was first measured in the light we receive from massive stars called white dwarfs. It is frequently offered as proof for the general theory of relativity. As the name implies, the gravitational red shift is known by scientists to be the result of strong gravitational fields.

Physicists have known for many years that the rate atoms oscillate influences the photons emitted. This enabled Max Planck to establish the relationship between the oscillation of atoms and the oscillation frequency of the photon’s emitted by these atoms.

Electricity is used to control the energy of the photons emitted by a transmitting radio antenna. It is used to modify the oscillation frequency of the atoms in the antenna, and in this manner, control the frequency of the radio waves emitted.

According to VES theory when graviton waves slow down the rate of oscillation, it decreases the spin angular momentum of the atom’s quarks and electrons, and this causes the atom to make a photon with less energy; it will show a red shift.

The photons emitted by atoms in a strong gravitational field have lower frequencies because the atoms that emit the photons have slower string cycles.

Elastic string theory explains the connection between the gravitational red shift and the gravitational frequency shift. Kelland—www.vestheory.com

Photons come from mass not energy

The Forces of Nature by Kelland Terry, Ph.D.
A burning fire gives off many different colors because there are many different hot atoms involved, and each one gives off its own distinct pattern. It is important to note that photon emission involves the whole atom, not just the electrons in orbit about the protons.

An electric light bulb with a tungsten filament is an extreme case of photon emission. A 100 watt light bulb burns for about 1000 hours. The photons emitted by the light bulb during its life time far exceeds the light put out by a pile of burning logs. It can be shown that the electrons in the tungsten filament, including those flowing as part of the electric current, have insufficient mass to account for the mass of the photons emitted by the light bulb. It seems there are two possibilities. First, it might be imagined that the energy of the moving electrons is converted to mass, which is then emitted as photons we see as visible light. The second possibility is that quarks inside the nucleus of the atom convert some of the mass of the atom into photons, which are then passed to the electrons in orbit. The electrons would then become unstable, move to an outer orbit, and emit photons that we see as visible light.

Let’s examine the first possibility. To me, it is inconceivable that energy, which is a mathematical concept, can be converted to mass. In the case of a fluorescent light bulb, the highly energetic electrons boiling off the end of the electrodes jostle the mercury atoms inside the tube, which give off photons. The free electrons entering the tube do not emit light even though they are being jostled about by the AC current.

The second possibility does not require mass to be created from energy, and the mass of the tungsten atom would only have to be depleted a very small, insignificant percentage to account for the mass of all the photons created by a tungsten filament during its life time. A quark spinning inside a proton would be jostled and energized by the electric current. Under these conditions, it is visualized that a quark spinning on its axis would incorporate some of the mass of the proton into photons which it would then pass on to the electrons in orbit about the proton. This would increase the angular momentum of the electron and cause it to move to an outer orbit where it is less stable. Eventually it would emit the photon, and we would see it as visible light. The reverse of this process would allow exogenous photons to be incorporated back into the nucleus of the tungsten atom, which would restore its mass.

Passage of photons between quarks and electrons would be facilitated because both would be going through their string cycles in the same time frame because the two are connected by elastic strings. P-electons emanating from protons (quarks) become bound to e-electons emanating from electrons in orbit about the protons, which pulls the two string cycles into synchrony.

I have presented this subject to explain that it is not necessary to believe in the conversion of mass to energy and vise versa to explain photon emission. Kelland—www.vestheory.com

Source of photons

The Forces of Nature by Kelland Terry, Ph.D

We have already seen that sun light comes from preexisting mass during fusion processes on our Sun. Let’s examine some observations here on Earth.

Scientists know that electrons absorb photons. When this occurs, the electron moves to an outer orbit as it circles the proton. This is an unstable position, and the electron immediately ejects a photon of the same frequency or one of less frequency. In this scenario the electron is merely acting on a preexisting photon from some exogenous source.

Photons are also created when atoms are heated. Burning fires and electric light bulbs are good examples. In the case of a light bulb with a tungsten filament, the filament is raised to 2000 degrees centigrade, which causes it to emit light. This source of light is referred to as photon emission.

The light emitted when an atom is heated to a high temperature is specific for a specific atom. In practice, the photons emitted by a hot gas are examined in a spectroscope. This instrument records the frequency of the light given off by the gas. Each gas has its own spectral pattern. A few spectral examples were borrowed and slightly modified from Wikipedia.


The question is where do these photons come from? This is the subject of my next blog.